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Chrom (Cr)

Chrom (Cr)Der Mineralstoff Chrom liegt in verschiedenen Formen vor. Sechswertiges Chrom wird für industrielle Zwecke verwendet, wie zum Verchromen, zum Gerben von Leder, als Färbemittel, als Holzschutz usw. Diese Chromform ist giftig und kann allergische Kontaktekzeme und bestimmte Krebsarten hervorrufen. Dreiwertiges Chrom hingegen findet sich in biologischen Stoffen, wie Pflanzen und Tieren, und ist ein essenzieller Nährstoff. Da der Chrombedarf des Körpers vergleichsweise niedrig ist, zählt Chrom zu den Spurenelementen. Der Körper speichert rund 4-6 mg Chrom.

Funktionen und Bedeutung

  • Makronährstoff-Stoffwechsel des Körpers (Kohlehydrat-, Fett- und Proteinumsatz)
  • Aufrechterhaltung eines normalen Blutzuckerspiegels
  • Insulinwirkung
  • Fetaler Wachstum und Proteinsynthese

Was versteht man unter Blutzucker und welche Wirkung hat Chrom?

Unser Blutzucker stellt den Körperzellen Energie in Form von Glukose (Dextrose) zur Verfügung. Unser Blutzucker ist normalerweise relativ stabil, steigt jedoch nach jeder Mahlzeit an. Nach einiger Zeit fällt er wieder auf das normale Niveau ab und wir haben wieder Hunger. Trotz dieser kleinen Schwankungen bewegt sich unser Blutzucker in einem relativ normalen Bereich.

Glukose gelangt mithilfe des Hormons Insulin in die Zellen, aber auch Chrom ist an diesem Prozess beteiligt. Jahrelang wurde angenommen, Chrom sei Bestandteil des Glukosetoleranzfaktors (GTF). Diese Theorie wird aber nur bedingt von der Forschung gestützt. In aktuellen Studien wurde gezeigt, dass es eine weitere Chromverbindung gibt, das "Chromodulin". Es bindet sich an die Insulinrezeptoren der Zellen und arbeitet mit dem Insulin als Team zusammen, sodass die optimale Menge Glukose in die Zellen gelangen kann. Anders formuliert: Ohne Chrom wirkt Insulin nicht richtig, da die Zellen beide Stoffe benötigen, um eine ausreichende Menge Glukose aufzunehmen. Liegt zu wenig Chrom vor, verbleibt die Glukose im Blutkreislauf, statt von den Zellen aufgenommen zu werden. Die ungenutzten Kalorien werden schließlich als Fett gespeichert.

Die Wirkung von Insulin und Chrom zeigt, dass der Energiestoffwechsel sowie die Kontrolle von Blutzuckerspiegel und Gewicht nicht nur davon abhängen, wie viele Kalorien wir zu uns nehmen, sondern vielmehr davon, wie effektiv diese von den Zellen in Energie umgewandelt werden können.

Ursachen für Mangel und schlechte Verwertung

  • Geringe Chromkonzentration im Boden
  • Hoher Verzehr von Zucker und anderen raffinierten Lebensmitteln
  • Starker Konsum von Alkohol, Kaffee und anderen Stimulanzien
  • Vitamin-C-Mangel
  • Ballaststoffmangel
  • Schwangerschaft

Mangelerscheinungen

  • Beeinträchtigte Insulinwirkung und erhöhte Blutzuckerwerte
  • Insulinresistenz/Glukoseintoleranz
  • Erschöpfung, Konzentrationsstörungen und andere Symptome des Nervensystems, die infolge unnormaler Blutzuckerwerte auftreten
  • Erhöhte Cholesterinwerte

Mögliche Ursachen:

  • Metabolisches Syndrom (Insulinresistenz, erhöhter Blutdruck, erhöhter Cholesterinspiegel und Stammfettsucht/apfelförmige Figur). Dieses Syndrom ist ein Vorzeichen von Typ-2-Diabetes
  • Typ-2-Diabetes, möglicherweise auch Typ 1 und 3
  • Durch längere Behandlung mit Corticosteroiden ausgelöster Diabetes
  • Schwangerschaftsdiabetes

Quellen

Insbesondere Bierhefe, Teeblätter, Kakaobohnen, Aprikosen, Mohn und andere Samen, schwarzer Pfeffer, Thymian und andere Gewürze, Mandeln, Bohnen, Nüsse, Fisch, Schalentiere und Fleisch. Kleinere Mengen Chrom finden sich in Getreide, Obst, Gemüse und Milchprodukten.

Chromgehalt in Mikrogramm je 100 Gramm

Kakaopulver 173
Aprikosen (getrocknet) 80
Meerforelle, Kabeljauleber 20
Mandeln (roh) 12
Fleisch (Rind, Schwein, Lamm) 4-8

Empfohlene Tagesdosis (NRV)

Erwachsene: 11 Jahre und älter: 30-100 Mikrogramm

Kinder bis 10 Jahre: 20-100 Mikrogramm

Der genaue Chrombedarf ist nicht bekannt. Eine tägliche Zufuhr von 20-200 Mikrogramm gilt als ausreichend.

Erhöhter Bedarf

  • Bei vermehrtem Konsum von Zucker und Stimulanzien
  • Bei einer beeinträchtigten Insulinwirkung und erhöhten Blutzuckerwerten
  • Bei den oben genannten Mangelerscheinungen
  • In der Schwangerschaft (zur Vorbeugung von Schwangerschaftsdiabetes)

Verschiedene Nahrungsergänzungsmittel und Bioverfügbarkeit

Nahrungsergänzungsmittel enthalten unterschiedliche Formen dreiwertigen Chroms: Chromhefe, Chromchlorid und Chrompicolinat. Laut EFSA (Europäische Behörde für Lebensmittelsicherheit) ist die Bioverfügbarkeit von Chrompicolinat begrenzt und liegt nur leicht über der von Chromchlorid. Zudem ist die Bioverfügbarkeit von Chromhefe bis zu zehnmal höher als die von synthetischen Produkten mit Chromchlorid oder Chrompicolinat.

Wichtige Information

Ein verstärkter Konsum von Zucker und Stimulanzien erhöht die Chromausscheidung mit dem Urin. Hieraus kann sehr schnell ein Teufelskreis entstehen, da wir Chrom für die Aufrechterhaltung eines stabilen Blutzuckerspiegels benötigen. Für den Körper ist es vergleichsweise schwierig, Chrom aufzunehmen. Am besten wird Chrom aus tierischen Quellen und Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln aufgenommen, die auf mit Chrom angereicherter Bierhefe basieren.

Vitamin C erhöht die Chromaufnahme des Körpers

Überdosierung - Nebenwirkungen

Selbst bei große Mengen dreiwertigen Chroms (das in Lebens- und Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln enthalten ist) konnten keine Vergiftungserscheinungen festgestellt werden. Sechswertiges Chrom (das für industrielle Zwecke genutzt wird) hingegen, kann schwere Nieren- und Leberschäden verursachen, wenn es in Dosen von etwa 1-2 Gramm eingenommen wird. Darüber hinaus kann sechswertiges Chrom allergische Kontaktekzeme hervorrufen und das Krebsrisiko erhöhen. Menschen, die im industriellen Bereich mit sechswertigem Chrom arbeiten, sind diesem Stoff in hohem Maße ausgesetzt.

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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`783μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `has_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `has_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)5.61ms4.03KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`347μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM has_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `has_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN has_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN has_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN has_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN has_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `has_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC2.28ms4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id2.06ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id4.86ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`language`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`a`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `a`.`id`, `a`.`alias`) ELSE a.id END AS `slug`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`cc`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `cc`.`id`, `cc`.`alias`) ELSE cc.id END AS `catslug` FROM `has_content` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `has_categories` AS `cc` ON `cc`.`id` = `a`.`catid` WHERE `a`.`catid` = :catid AND `a`.`state` = :state AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND (`publish_up` IS NULL OR `publish_up` <= :nowDate1) AND (`publish_down` IS NULL OR `publish_down` >= :nowDate2) AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY CASE WHEN `a`.`publish_up` IS NULL THEN `a`.`created` ELSE `a`.`publish_up` END3.5ms2.38KBParams/plugins/content/pagenavigation/src/Extension/PageNavigation.php:188Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`1.41ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM has_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 14.15ms536B/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `has_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 01.48ms704B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id4.6ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id1.45ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `has_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `has_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'de-DE' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-01-30 21:57:31') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-01-30 21:57:31') AND c2.state = 13.3ms1.47KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `has_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `has_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `has_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`10.17ms149.34KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,`c2`.`id` FROM `has_menu` AS `c` INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `has_menu` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` WHERE `c`.`id` = :id640μs1.38KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `has_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1359μs640B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `has_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)9ms584B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM has_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `has_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN has_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN has_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN has_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN has_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC1.81ms4.75KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `has_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)1.98ms584B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `has_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 14.83ms1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`2.08ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `has_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?104μs1KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `has_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?4.7ms592BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy