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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)Vitamin B12 ist die gängige Bezeichnung für eine Gruppe chemisch miteinander zusammenhängender Stoffe, die alle Vitaminaktivität aufweisen. Sie sind auch als Cobalamine bekannt. Die Biosynthese der Grundstruktur erfolgt mithilfe von Bakterien, die in der Natur weit verbreitet sind. Für die Aufnahme von Vitamin B12 aus der Nahrung ist das von der Magenschleimhaut gebildete Protein Intrinsic Factor erforderlich. Der Intrinsic Faktor bindet sich an Vitamin B12 und transportiert es vom Dünndarm aus in den Körper. Auch die Kolibakterien im Darm produzieren Vitamin B12, das anschließend vom Körper aufgenommen wird. Vitamin B12 wird für einen Zeitraum von bis zu mehreren Monaten in der Leber gespeichert. Darüber hinaus können wir im Darm aufgenommenes Vitamin B12 wiederverwerten. Im Vergleich zu anderen Vitaminen kann der Körper Vitamin B12 nicht so gut aufnehmen, außerdem verschlechtert sich unsere Aufnahmefähigkeit mit zunehmendem Alter. Die synthetische Grundform von Vitamin B12 wird für Nahrungsergänzungsmittel und als Lebensmittelzusatzstoff verwendet. Um eine ausreichende Aufnahme zu gewährleisten, sind die Dosen normalerweise relativ hoch.

Funktionen und Bedeutung

  • Bildung der roten Blutkörperchen, die Sauerstoff in den gesamten Körper transportieren
  • Energiehaushalt
  • Nervensystem - Erhaltung und Neubildung
  • Psychisches Gleichgewicht
  • Immunsystem
  • Umwandlung der Aminosäure Homocystein in Methionin
  • Zellteilung

Ursachen für Mangel und schlechte Verwertung

  • Unzureichende Produktion des Intrinsic Factor (wird für die Aufnahme von Vitamin B12 benötigt)
  • Übermäßiger Alkoholgenuss
  • Unzureichende Fähigkeit, das Vitamin in der Leber zu speichern
  • Hohes Alter (insbesondere in Kombination mit einer unausgewogenen Ernährung)
  • Östrogen und Antibabypille
  • Schlafmittel
  • Langzeitverzicht auf tierische Produkte. Insbesondere Veganer und Vegetarier zählen zur Risikogruppe
  • Zu wenig Magensäure und eine schlechte Darmflora
  • Fischbandwurm (Bandwurm von Süßwasserfischen, der große Mengen Vitamin B12 verbraucht)
  • Chronische Pankreatitis (Bauchspeicheldrüsenentzündung)
  • Langzeiteinnahme von:
  • Salicylsäurehaltigen Medikamenten bei Darmentzündungen (Asacol, Pentasa usw.)
  • Cholesterinsenkenden Medikamenten (Colestyramin und Clofibrat)
  • Antibiotika
  • Isoniazid bei Tuberkulose
  • Methotrexat bei Rheuma und Krebs

Mangelerscheinungen

Mangelerscheinungen entwickeln sich im Allgemeinen über einen relativ langen Zeitraum, da wir Vitamin B12 wiederverwerten und für lange Zeit im Körper speichern können. Es wird zwischen leichtem und schwerem Mangel unterschieden. Bei manchen Menschen betreffen die ersten Symptome das Nervensystem, andere entwickeln die Symptome einer Anämie.

  • Symptome einer Anämie treten auf, da Gehirn-, Herz- und Muskelzellen nicht ausreichend mit Blut- und Sauerstoff versorgt werden. Die Symptome umfassen Erschöpfung, Herzklopfen, Atembeschwerden, Schwindel und in schweren Fällen Kopfschmerzen, Herzkrämpfe und Beinschmerzen (Claudicatio intermittens)
  • Megaloblastäre Anämie, wie sie auch bei Folsäuremangel auftritt.

Zudem können folgende Symptome auftreten:

  • Eine rote und gereizte Zunge
  • Beeinträchtigter Geschmackssinn
  • Verdauungsstörungen
  • Symptome, die das Nervensystem betreffen
  • Gedächtnisstörungen, Schläfrigkeit und Demenz
  • Taubheitsgefühle in den Händen und Füßen aufgrund von Nervenschädigungen
  • Koordinationsstörungen und Kinderlähmung

Kinder, deren Mütter sich unausgewogen oder vegan/vegetarisch ernähren, haben ein besonders hohes Risiko, einen Vitamin-B12-Mangel zu entwickeln. Dieser kann zu Wachstumsstörungen, Anämie und im schlimmsten Fall geistiger Behinderung führen.

Vitamin-B12-Mangel tritt häufig in Kombination mit Folsäuremangel auf.

Blutproben und Diagnose

Ein Vitamin-B12-Mangel kann mithilfe eines Bluttests festgestellt werden.

Quellen

Insbesondere tierische Quellen wie Leber, Fleisch, Fisch, Eier und Milchprodukte

Vitamin-B12-Gehalt in Mikrogramm je 100 Gramm

Rinder-/Schweineleber 111/40
Muscheln 10
Lachs 6
Eier/Truthahn 2
Käse 1,5

Empfohlene Tagesdosis (NRV)

Erwachsene: 11 Jahre und älter: 3,0 Mikrogramm

Kinder bis 10 Jahre: 1,8 Mikrogramm

Schwangere: Vegetarier und Veganer sollten grundsätzlich Vitamin-B12-Präparate einnehmen.

Erhöhter Bedarf

  • Bei den oben aufgeführten Mangelerscheinungen und der Einnahme von Medikamenten
  • Bei übermäßigem Alkoholgenuss
  • Bei hohem Alter, insbesondere in Kombination mit einer unausgewogenen Ernährung
  • Wenn für längere Zeit auf tierische Lebensmittel verzichtet wird. Veganer und Vegetarier sollten besonders vorsichtig sein.
  • Bei Einnahme der Antibabypille
  • Bei perniziöser Anämie sollten Injektionen verabreicht werden.

Wichtige Information

Vitamin-B12-Präparate sollten grundsätzlich mit den anderen B-Vitaminen und niemals zusammen mit Antazida eingenommen werden.

Überdosierung - Nebenwirkungen

Selbst bei hohen Dosen sind keine Nebenwirkungen bekannt. Injektionen, die direkt in den Blutkreislauf gelangen, können allergische Reaktionen hervorrufen.

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  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`402μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `has_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `has_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)3.55ms4.03KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`754μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM has_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `has_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN has_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN has_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN has_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN has_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `has_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC787μs4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id1.98ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id1.51ms1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`language`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`a`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `a`.`id`, `a`.`alias`) ELSE a.id END AS `slug`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`cc`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `cc`.`id`, `cc`.`alias`) ELSE cc.id END AS `catslug` FROM `has_content` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `has_categories` AS `cc` ON `cc`.`id` = `a`.`catid` WHERE `a`.`catid` = :catid AND `a`.`state` = :state AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND (`publish_up` IS NULL OR `publish_up` <= :nowDate1) AND (`publish_down` IS NULL OR `publish_down` >= :nowDate2) AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY CASE WHEN `a`.`publish_up` IS NULL THEN `a`.`created` ELSE `a`.`publish_up` END471μs2.38KBParams/plugins/content/pagenavigation/src/Extension/PageNavigation.php:188Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`1.64ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM has_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 12.65ms536B/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `has_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0314μs704B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id127μs1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `alias` FROM `has_content` WHERE `id` = :id87μs1.31KBParams/components/com_content/src/Service/Router.php:168Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `has_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `has_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'de-DE' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-01-30 20:47:53') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-01-30 20:47:53') AND c2.state = 1337μs1.47KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`module`,`m`.`position`,`m`.`content`,`m`.`showtitle`,`m`.`params`,`mm`.`menuid` FROM `has_modules` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `has_modules_menu` AS `mm` ON `mm`.`moduleid` = `m`.`id` LEFT JOIN `has_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `m`.`module` AND `e`.`client_id` = `m`.`client_id` WHERE ( ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1 AND `m`.`client_id` = :clientId AND `m`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown)) AND (`mm`.`menuid` = :itemId OR `mm`.`menuid` <= 0) AND `m`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4) ORDER BY `m`.`position`,`m`.`ordering`3.86ms149.34KBParams/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:51Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,`c2`.`id` FROM `has_menu` AS `c` INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `has_menu` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` WHERE `c`.`id` = :id152μs1.38KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `has_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1166μs640B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `has_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)1.11ms584B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM has_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `has_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN has_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN has_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN has_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN has_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC302μs4.75KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `has_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)2.89ms584B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:314Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `has_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1124μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`1.29ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `has_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?94μs1KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `has_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?6.05ms592BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy