Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum is a trace element. An adult contains around 8-10 mg of molybdenum that is primarily found in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen, bones, teeth, and skin. Molybdenum is incorporated in vitamin B12 and several enzymes that regulate the turnover of nutrients.

Functions and importance for

Turnover of sulphurous amino acid
Uric acid metabolism
Vitamin B12

Deficiencies and poor utilisation may be caused by

Refining and processing (of food)
Large copper intake increases the excretion of molybdenum

Deficiency symptoms

Rarely seen as there is plenty of molybdenum in our diet. However, it may occur as a result of prolonged use of artificial nutrition.

Rare metabolic disease with mental retardation. This is caused by molybdenum's failure to embed in the so-called metalloenzymes in the body
Possibly a tendency towards gout
Possibly disturbances of consciousness
Possibly disturbances of the body's vitamin B12 production
Sources

Mainly yellow peas, garlic, red bell pepper, lentils, grain products, nuts, eggs, and dairy products. Also, other vegetables and fruit.

Molybdenum content in micrograms per 100 grams

Yellow peas and garlic	70
Dried lentils	20
Green beans	20
Oats	10
Milk, chicken	5

Recommended daily allowance (RDA)

The daily requirement has not been established. Because of the uncertainty, the RDA level is quite similar to the amount of molybdenum that is found in an average diet.

Adults: 11 years of age and older: 50 micrograms
Children: 1-10 years of age: 17 micrograms

Increased need

Not known

Overdosing - side effects

Normally not seen with dietary intake. However, ingested at daily levels in excess of 500-600 micrograms or more, molybdenum may cause symptoms of poisoning.

Copper deficiency that is the cause of the majority of symptoms
Pigment disorders
Anemia
Inflammation of the joints

Important information

Molybdenum and copper are antagonists. Molybdenum is a heavy metal that is also used for industrial purposes, yet it appears to be comparatively non-toxic in connection with dietary intake.

Created on 21 March 2019.

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Q10 goes by many names

Q10 is known by so many different names that one easily gets confused. Here is a list of the many synonyms for Q10 in its two forms:

Q10 goes by many names

Ubiquinone:
◊ Oxidized Q10 ◊ Normal Q10 ◊ CoQ10 ◊ Ubikinon ◊ Ubiquinone ◊ Ubidecarenone ◊ 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone

Ubiquinol:
◊ Reduced Q10 ◊ Active Q10 ◊ CoQH ◊ Ubikinol ◊ Ubiquinol ◊ QH ◊ QH2 ◊ QX ◊ 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol

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Check this before you buy a Q10 product

Bio-availability and documentation are key points

Check this before you buy a Q10 product

Studies show that the best bio-availability is obtained when the active compound is dissolved in an oil of some sort and encapsulated in soft, light-protected (light destroys Q10) gelatin. There are many products out there that meet these requirements. However, this is not in any way a guarantee that they are absorbed well. The only way to make sure that a product has good bio-availability and is safe for consumption is to contact the manufacturer and ask for documentation for the following:

- that the product is non-crystalline

Q10 as a raw material consists of crystals which are not easily absorbed in the digestive system. It is therefore vital to transform the Q10 raw material to a homogenous and assimilable form that can ensure good bio-availability in the body. This would require the Q10 to be dispersed in oil, just like it would require the manufacturer to be familiar with the technique and patented method employed to change the Q10 molecules into a non-crystalline form.

- that the product is nature-identical

This entails that the Q10 molecules in the product are completely identical with the Q10 that the human body synthesizes in relatively small quantities. The body is not able to distinguish between nature-identical Q10 and the endogenously synthesized Q10.

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