Er referenceindtag (RI) og anbefalet daglig tilførsel (ADT) baseret på varm luft?

Er referenceindtag (RI) og anbefalet daglig tilførsel (ADT) baseret på varm luft?Der er indført nye EU-mærkningskrav til fødevarer og kosttilskud, og betegnelsen ”anbefalet daglig tilførsel” (ADT) er blevet erstattet af ”referenceindtag” (RI). Men hvad kan vi egentlig bruge værdierne til, og hvad er vores reelle behov for vitaminer og mineraler, hvis vi vil forebygge alvorlige sygdomme?

Gennem årene har ADT på fødevarer og kosttilskud skabt meget forvirring. Da almindelige multivitaminer til eksempel indeholder 100 procent ADT af de fleste vitaminer og mineraler, har de også skabt en falsk tryghed. For på trods af navnet ADT er værdierne ifølge Fødevarestyrelsen ikke længere udtryk for den mængde vitaminer og mineraler, som anbefales om dagen.
For at undgå forvirring er navnet derfor skiftet til referenceindtag, RI. Men værdierne er de samme, og til eksempel er ADT og RI for magnesium stadig 375 mg.

Hvordan er værdierne fastsat?

De første værdier blev udregnet i USA under den 2. verdenskrig, hvor man ville sikre, at soldater, der blev sendt til Europa, undgik de samme mangelsygdomme som under 1. verdenskrig. Den amerikanske betegnelse RDI (Recomended Daily Intake) dannede senere grundlag for vores ADT, som nu er blevet erstattet af RI.
Ifølge Fødevarestyrelsen er værdierne for RI fastsat ud fra voksnes gennemsnitlige behov for vitaminer og mineraler. Det dækker dog over store forskelle, idet mænd og kvinder, unge og ældre, tynde og overvægtige, syge og raske, gravide og elitesportsfolk til eksempel kan have vidt forskellige behov for særlige næringsstoffer. Værdierne dækker heller ikke den nyere forskning, som afslører, at vores reelle behov for særlige næringsstoffer som D-vitamin og selen er højere, hvis vi for eksempel vil forebygge kræft.

Formålet med referenceindtag - RI

Formålet med den nye betegnelse er primært at gøre det lettere at sammenligne indholdet af vitaminer og mineraler i forskellige produkter og fødevarer. Hvis en vitaminpille for eksempel indeholder 100 procent af det daglige referenceindtag for vitamin C, indeholder vitaminpillen mere C-vitamin end en vitaminpille, der indeholder 75 procent af det daglige referenceindtag. Det samme gør sig gældende med mange fødevarer, hvor det daglige referenceindtag er angivet i 100 gram eller 100 ml af den pågældende fødevare.
Det daglige referenceindtag tjener altså mest til sammenligninger ud fra nogle forældede værdier omkring vores næringsbehov.

Da kosttilskud har en lang holdbarhed, vil der fortsat være produkter på markedet, som bruger den gamle betegnelse ADT. Værdierne er dog uændrede.

Et par eksempler på referenceindtag og vores reelle behov

Det daglige referenceindtag for selen er sat til 55 mikrogram. I flere forsøg, hvor tilskud med selengær har vist en forebyggende effekt på kræft, har man anvendt 200 mikrogram. Derfor tyder meget tyder på, at referenceindtaget for selen er sat flere hundrede procent lavere end vores reelle behov, hvis vi vil forebygge kræft.

Det daglige referenceindtag for D-vitamin er sat til 5 mikrogram, og det er, hvad vi behøver for at undgå den klassiske mangelsygdom engelsk syge.
I USA er den tilsvarende værdi for D-vitamin (RDI) sat til 10 mikrogram. Ikke desto mindre siger forskere fra The University of California, San Diego, at RDI er sat for lavt – på grund af en regnefejl – og at vi behøver omkring ti gange mere svarende til 100 mikrogram daglig fra alle kilder – inklusive solskin, hvis vi vil forebygge en lang række akutte og kroniske sygdomme.

De to eksempler illustrerer, at der kan være stor forskel på referenceindtag og anbefalede doseringer i forskellige lande, og at vores reelle behov kan være meget højere.

Referencer

Fødevarestyrelsen

Veugelers. P.J. and Poul Ekwaru. Letter: A statistical error in the Estimation of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin D. J Nutrients 2014

Clark LC et al: Effects of Selenium Supplementation for Cancer Prevention in Patients with Carcinoma of the Skin. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996

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