Om E-vitamin: Naturligt alfa-tocopherol

Om E-vitamin: Naturligt alfa-tocopherolProfessor Maret Traber fra Linus Pauling Instituttet i USA har forsket i E-vitamin i mange år. I en oversigtsartikel gennemgår hun den seneste viden om dette vigtige, fedtopløselige vitamin, hvor det kan udledes, at vi i praksis sandsynligvis kun har brug for alfa-tocopherol.

E-vitamin hedder tocopherol eller tocotrienol, og der er mere end én slags: Der er fire tocopheroler: Alfa-, beta-, gamma- og delta-tocopherol samt fire tocotrienoler: Alfa-, beta-, gamma- og delta-tocotrienol, hvilket giver otte forskellige slags E-vitamin. Planter er i stand til at ændre én form af E-vitamin til en anden, men dyr og mennesker kan ikke.

Kroppen foretrækker naturligt alfa-tocopherol

Alle former af E-vitamin kan i forskellig grad modvirke symptomer på E-vitaminmangel, men der er stor forskel i deres biologiske aktivitet. Kroppen har en forkærlighed for alfa-tocopherol, som er den eneste form med et specifikt transportprotein.

Alfa-tocopherol mest effektive antioxidant

De forskellige E-vitamin-former har nogenlunde den samme antioxidant-aktivitet, men alfa-tocopherol skiller sig ud ved at være det mest effektive. E-vitaminernens biologiske aktivitet er derimod meget forskellig. Eksempelvis er naturligt E-vitamins biologiske aktivitet dobbelt så høj som syntetisk E-vitamin. Får man syntetisk alfa-tocopherol, som i praksis består af en blanding af syntetisk og naturligt tocopherol, så forsøger kroppen at øge udskillelsen af den "ubrugelige", syntetiske del af vitaminet.

E-vitaminets rolle

E-vitaminets primære rolle er at beskytte langkædede flerumættede fedtsyrer (PUFA) mod lipid-oxidation, dvs, forharskning. Det er derfor sandsynligt, at E-vitamin beskytter den essentielle N-3 fedtsyre DHA fra fisk.

Blandede tocopheroler

Ved indtag af blandede E-vitamin-former, sorterer leveren dem og sender alfa-tocopherol tilbage i blodet, hvorimod de former som ikke er alfa-tocopherol nedbrydes og udskilles.

Alfa-tocopherol er den mest effektive og sikreste form for E-vitamin. Et brugt E-vitamin, dvs. skadet af frie radikaler bliver til et potentielt skadeligt a-tocopheroxyl radikal, som 'lever' relativt lang tid, men som kan repareres af det vandopløselige C-vitamin. Andre E-vitamin-former bliver mere reaktive når de ændres til radikaler, og kan ligefrem optræde som cellegifte.

Der er ingen specifikke mekanismer, der hurtigt udskiller alfa-tocopherol fra kroppen. Det er der derimod for de andre former af tocopherol.

Optagelse af E-vitamin

E-vitamin optages af enterocytter (tarmceller) i tyndtarmens slimhinde. Præcis hvordan der sker, er stadig ikke fuldt afklaret, men optagelsen er bedst, hvis der samtidig er fedt til stede. Nedsat fedtoptagelse fra tarmen medfører samtidig nedsat optagelse af E-vitamin. Det samme gør en nedsat evne til at danne de lipoproteiner som også fragter fedtstoffer, kolesterol og E-vitamin rundt i kroppen. Tilstrækkeligt med galdesyrer er vigtigere for optagelsen af E-vitamin end tilstrækkeligt med fedtfordøjende enzymer. E-vitaminets struktur kan også influere på hvor godt vitaminet optages. Sandsynligvis spiller E-vitaminets opløselighed i tarmen en større rolle end mængden af vitamin, når det gælder optagelighed fra tarmen.

E-vitaminet transporteres fra tarmen med såkaldte chylomikroner via kroppens lymfe- og blodkar til leveren. De forskellige E-vitaminformer synes at blive nedbrudt og udskilt hurtigt bortset fra alfa-tocopherol, som beholdes. Undersøgelser har vist, at nedbrydningen af gamma-tocopherol er 100 gange større end nedbrydning af alfa-tocopherol pr. mg. En stor del syntetisk E-vitamin nedbrydes og udskilles også hurtigt.

Kroppen regulerer selv sin E-vitamin

Leveren har to forskellige mekanismer, der kontrollerer kroppens E-vitamin-niveau. Det ene er det system, der styrer optagelse, dannelse og udskillelse af lipoproteiner. Det andet er leverens afgiftende funktion via en gruppe afgiftende enzymer kaldet cytochrom P450.

Faktisk er der stærk evidens for, at kroppen genkender alfa-tocopherol som et vitamin, mens selv lave koncentrationer af andre typer E-vitamin behandles som "fremmede" stoffer, der nedbrydes og udskilles.

Alt i alt medfører det, at det er naturligt alfa-tocopherol, som leveren sender ud til kroppens celler ved hjælp af nogle transport-proteiner kaldet a-TTP. Leveren danner også kolesterol, som fragtes rundt i kroppen med forskellige transportproteiner. De indeholder også alfa-tocoferol for at modvirke forharskning af kolesterolet.

Det ses at VLDL-kolesterolet er meget afhængig af en tilstrækkelig tilførsel af alfa-tocopherol fra leveren for at modvirke at kolesterolet forharskes.

Andre effekter af E-vitamin

En undersøgelse fra 1993 (Women's Health Study) viste, at tilskud af alfa-tocopherol nedsætter tilfælde af venøs thrombose, dvs. en blodprop i en dyb vene, oftest i benene. Virkningsmekanismen er, at E-vitaminet modvirker K-vitaminets evne til at få blodet til at størkne.

Ingen overdosering

Ved et højt indtag af alfa-tocopherol regulerer leveren blodets niveau til max. 2-4 gange forhøjet. Resten udskilles. På denne måde adskiller E-vitamin sig fra A-og D-vitaminer ved ikke at kunne ophobes til et niveau i leveren og andre væv, hvor det bliver giftigt.

Bivirkninger få og usikre

De tilsyneladende negative effekter fra E-vitamin, som er blevet rapporteret fra tid til anden, har været omdiskuteret, fordi de påståede bivirkninger ikke med sikkerhed har kunnet relateres til E-vitaminet.

Den eneste bivirkning som toksikologer har kunnet finde som følge af store doser E-vitamin var en øget blødningstendens, som sandsynligvis skyldes, at det hæmmer K-vitaminet.

Måling af E-vitamin

Blodets indhold af E-vitamin er ikke nogen pålidelig metode til at måle kroppens indhold af E-vitamin, og det er i særlig grad usikkert hos personer som enten har abnormt lidt eller meget fedt i blodet. I dag er den mest pålidelige metode til vurdering af kroppens E-vitaminindhold at måle mængden af E-vitamin-metabolitter i en urinprøve.

Konklusion

Maret Trabers oversigtsartikel afkræfter tidligere rapporter om problemer med overdosering af E-vitamin fra tilskud. Den sætter også et stort spørgsmåltegn ved nytten af andre former for E-vitamin-tilskud end alfa-tocopherol.

Ref.

Traber MG. Mechanisms for the Prevention of Vitamin E Excess. J Lipid Res 2013. E-pub ahead of print.

7.334MBMemory Usage205msRequest Duration
Joomla! Version4.4.4
PHP Version8.3.6
Identityguest
Response200
Templatecassiopeia
Database
Server
mysql
Version
8.0.40-0ubuntu0.24.04.1
Collation
latin1_swedish_ci
Conn Collation
utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
$_GET
array:9 [ "option" => "com_content" "view" => "article" "id" => "360:om-e-vitamin-naturligt-al...
$_POST
[]
$_SESSION
array:1 [ "joomla" => "***redacted***" ]
$_COOKIE
[]
$_SERVER
array:41 [ "HTTP_AUTHORIZATION" => "" "HTTPS" => "on" "SSL_TLS_SNI" => "healthandscience.eu" ...
session
array:3 [ "counter" => 1 "timer" => array:3 [ "start" => 1752382202 "last" => 1752382202...
registry
array:3 [ "data" => [] "initialized" => false "separator" => "." ]
user
array:18 [ "id" => 0 "name" => null "username" => null "email" => null "password" => "***r...
plg_system_languagefilter
array:1 [ "language" => "da-DK" ]
  • afterLoad (456.05KB) (520μs)
  • afterInitialise (1.28MB) (55.31ms)
  • afterRoute (533.41KB) (15.06ms)
  • beforeRenderComponent com_content (40.69KB) (1.95ms)
  • Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (63.05KB) (488μs)
  • After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (97.34KB) (6.23ms)
  • Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.6KB) (18μs)
  • After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (3.29MB) (26.13ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:584 name:com_content.article.360) (130.65KB) (121μs)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:584 name:com_content.article.360) (7.38KB) (73μs)
  • afterRenderComponent com_content (1.04MB) (77.15ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (18.54KB) (4.78ms)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (6.17KB) (28μs)
  • afterDispatch (42.99KB) (6.99ms)
  • afterRender (259.34KB) (10.09ms)
  • 1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (1.04MB) (37.58%)
    77.15ms
    1 x afterInitialise (1.28MB) (26.94%)
    55.31ms
    1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (3.29MB) (12.73%)
    26.13ms
    1 x afterRoute (533.41KB) (7.34%)
    15.06ms
    1 x afterRender (259.34KB) (4.91%)
    10.09ms
    1 x afterDispatch (42.99KB) (3.41%)
    6.99ms
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (97.34KB) (3.04%)
    6.23ms
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (18.54KB) (2.33%)
    4.78ms
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (40.69KB) (0.95%)
    1.95ms
    1 x afterLoad (456.05KB) (0.25%)
    520μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (63.05KB) (0.24%)
    488μs
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:584 name:com_content.article.360) (130.65KB) (0.06%)
    121μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:584 name:com_content.article.360) (7.38KB) (0.04%)
    73μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (6.17KB) (0.01%)
    28μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.6KB) (0.01%)
    18μs
30 statements were executed, 3 of which were duplicates, 27 unique62.06ms663.37KB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;37μs968B/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:334Copy
  • SELECT `data` FROM `has_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?126μs1008BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:261Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `has_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 1264μs1.3KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `has_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)2.66ms944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `extension_id` AS `id`,`element` AS `option`,`params`,`enabled` FROM `has_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'component' AND `state` = 0 AND `enabled` = 1189μs1.61KB/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:399Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `has_viewlevels`290μs656B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `has_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `has_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest874μs1.33KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `folder` AS `type`,`element` AS `name`,`params` AS `params`,`extension_id` AS `id` FROM `has_extensions` WHERE `enabled` = 1 AND `type` = 'plugin' AND `state` IN (0,1) AND `access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) ORDER BY `ordering`1.55ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:294Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `has_languages` WHERE `published` = 1 ORDER BY `ordering` ASC2.42ms2.33KB/libraries/src/Language/LanguageHelper.php:142Copy
  • SELECT `element`,`name`,`client_id`,`extension_id` FROM `has_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'language' AND `state` = 0 AND `enabled` = 1191μs1008B/libraries/src/Language/LanguageHelper.php:213Copy
  • SELECT * FROM has_rsform_config264μs1.06KB/administrator/components/com_rsform/helpers/config.php:52Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`id`,`m`.`menutype`,`m`.`title`,`m`.`alias`,`m`.`note`,`m`.`link`,`m`.`type`,`m`.`level`,`m`.`language`,`m`.`browserNav`,`m`.`access`,`m`.`params`,`m`.`home`,`m`.`img`,`m`.`template_style_id`,`m`.`component_id`,`m`.`parent_id`,`m`.`path` AS `route`,`e`.`element` AS `component` FROM `has_menu` AS `m` LEFT JOIN `has_extensions` AS `e` ON `m`.`component_id` = `e`.`extension_id` WHERE ( (`m`.`published` = 1 AND `m`.`parent_id` > 0 AND `m`.`client_id` = 0) AND (`m`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_up` <= :currentDate1)) AND (`m`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `m`.`publish_down` >= :currentDate2) ORDER BY `m`.`lft`5.68ms165.8KBParams/libraries/src/Menu/SiteMenu.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`home`,`template`,`s`.`params`,`inheritable`,`parent` FROM `has_template_styles` AS `s` LEFT JOIN `has_extensions` AS `e` ON `e`.`element` = `s`.`template` AND `e`.`type` = 'template' AND `e`.`client_id` = `s`.`client_id` WHERE `s`.`client_id` = 0 AND `e`.`enabled` = 1209μs848B/administrator/components/com_templates/src/Model/StyleModel.php:773Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `has_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39,:preparedArray40)899μs7.44KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `has_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 08.91ms417.48KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `has_content`4.18ms1.77KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:625Copy
  • UPDATE `has_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '360'1.84ms1.3KB/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1325Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `has_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `has_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `has_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `has_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `has_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0 AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)2.31ms22.19KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`1.95ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `has_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `has_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)17.98ms4.09KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`347μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM has_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `has_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN has_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN has_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN has_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN has_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `has_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform AND `a`.`language` IN (:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9) ORDER BY a.ordering ASC447μs4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:166Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`1.36ms3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT custom_data FROM has_extensions WHERE element = 'yootheme' AND folder = 'system' LIMIT 1372μs536B/templates/yootheme/packages/platform-joomla/src/Storage.php:30Copy
  • SELECT `language`,`id` FROM `has_menu` WHERE `home` = '1' AND `published` = 1 AND `client_id` = 0368μs704B/libraries/src/Language/Multilanguage.php:123Copy
  • SELECT `c2`.`language`,CONCAT_WS(':', `c2`.`id`, `c2`.`alias`) AS `id`,CONCAT_WS(':', `ca`.`id`, `ca`.`alias`) AS `catid` FROM `has_content` AS `c` INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a` ON `a`.`id` = `c`.`id` AND `a`.`context` = :context INNER JOIN `has_associations` AS `a2` ON `a`.`key` = `a2`.`key` INNER JOIN `has_content` AS `c2` ON `a2`.`id` = `c2`.`id` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `ca` ON `c2`.`catid` = `ca`.`id` AND `ca`.`extension` = :extension2 WHERE `c`.`id` = :id AND c2.access IN (1,5) AND c2.language != 'da-DK' AND (c2.publish_up IS NULL OR c2.publish_up <= '2025-07-13 04:50:02') AND (c2.publish_down IS NULL OR c2.publish_down >= '2025-07-13 04:50:02') AND c2.state = 1543μs1.48KBParams/libraries/src/Language/Associations.php:145Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `has_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `has_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` < `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt` AND `c`.`language` IN (:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4)) OR (`c`.`lft` <= `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` <= `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`883μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `has_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 1505μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:466Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `has_session` WHERE `session_id` = ?147μs1KBParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:291Copy
  • UPDATE `has_session` SET `data` = ? , `time` = ? WHERE `session_id` = ?4.27ms592BParams/libraries/vendor/joomla/session/src/Handler/DatabaseHandler.php:318Copy